newsweek.ro/istorie/ultimul-domnitor-din-tarile-ro

Mihnea al III-lea was the last Romanian voivode to openly challenge Ottoman power, attempting to modernize the Principalities and revive Mihai Viteazul's anti-Ottoman plans. He invaded Turkish territories in 1659, forming alliances and rallying support from lesser nobles and common soldiers. Despite initial successes against the Ottomans, including victories at Giurgiu and Frătești, his campaign faltered due to defeats of his allies. Ultimately, he was betrayed by local nobles and faced defeat at Călugăreni, leading to his downfall and death in 1660. His reign marked the end of significant resistance against Ottoman rule in the region.